A Review on Association of Anemia with Chronic Heart Failure in Elders
Keywords:
Cardiac Heart Failure, Hypertension, AnemiaAbstract
OBJECTIVES
Primary aim of the study was to find association of anemia with chronic heart failure in elders.
ABSTRACT
Anemia is a condition that develops when a person’s red blood cell count or hemoglobin level is less than the normal range. It is a problem mostly associated with people having congestive heart failure and is more widely recognized as a serious and treatable illness. The majority of the patients having congestive heart failure tend to be females who have hardly any heart disease or the associated risk factors, but have increased rates of diseases other than cardiovascular disorders and diastolic failures. The two most influential risk factors for congestive heart failure are hypertension & diabetes, especially in those females having coronary heart failure. Hospitalization of patients over the age of 65 is largely concerned with congestive heart failure, and it has a significant clinical and financial impact. Co-occurring, poly-pharmacy, as well as impairments related to congestive heart failure, account for around half of all hospital readmissions. Furthermore, congestive heart failure comes at a high price due to poor prognosis, having an average 1-year mortality rate of 33% to35%. Even though more than half of congestive heart failure patients fall under the category of 75 years, still certain trials have included younger patients having an average age of 61 years. It is concluded that anemia is prevalent as co-morbid condition. Furthermore, iron deficiency was identified as common reason for anemia in heart failure patients.
References
Mozaffarian D, Nye R, Levy WC. Anemia predicts mortality in severe heart failure: the prospective randomized amlodipine survival evaluation (PRAISE). Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2003;41(11):1933-9
Horwich TB, Fonarow GC, Hamilton MA, MacLellan WR, Borenstein J. Anemia is associated with worse symptoms, greater impairment in functional capacity and a significant increase in mortality in patients with advanced heart failure. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2002;39(11):1780-6
Felker GM, Shaw LK, Stough WG, O'Connor CM. Anemia in patients with heart failure and preserved systolic function. American heart journal. 2006;151(2):457-62
Silverberg DS, Wexler D, Iaina A. The importance of anemia and its correction in the management of severe congestive heart failure. European Journal of Heart Failure. 2002;4(6):681-6
Tang Y-D, Katz SD. Anemia in chronic heart failure: prevalence, etiology, clinical correlates, and treatment options. Circulation. 2006;113(20):2454-61
Al-Ahmad A, Rand WM, Manjunath G, Konstam MA, Salem DN, Levey AS, et al. Reduced kidney function and anemia as risk factors for mortality in patients with left ventricular dysfunction. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2001;38(4):955-62
O’Meara E, Clayton T, McEntegart MB, McMurray JJ, Lang CC, Roger SD, et al. Clinical correlates and consequences of anemia in a broad spectrum of patients with heart failure: results of the Candesartan in Heart Failure: Assessment of Reduction in Mortality and Morbidity (CHARM) Program. Circulation. 2006;113(7):986-94
Silverberg DS, Wexler D, Blum M, Keren G, Sheps D, Leibovitch E, et al. The use of subcutaneous erythropoietin and intravenous iron for the treatment of the anemia of severe, resistant congestive heart failure improves cardiac and renal function and functional cardiac class, and markedly reduces hospitalizations. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2000;35(7):1737-44
Anand I, McMurray JJ, Whitmore J, Warren M, Pham A, McCamish MA, et al. Anemia and its relationship to clinical outcome in heart failure. Circulation. 2004;110(2):149-54
Wong CY, Chaudhry SI, Desai MM, Krumholz HM. Trends in comorbidity, disability, and polypharmacy in heart failure. The American journal of medicine. 2011;124(2):136-43
Lloyd-Jones DM, Larson MG, Leip EP, Beiser A, D’agostino RB, Kannel WB, et al. Lifetime risk for developing congestive heart failure: the Framingham Heart Study. Circulation. 2002;106(24):3068-72
Stein GY, Kremer A, Shochat T, Bental T, Korenfeld R, Abramson E, et al. The diversity of heart failure in a hospitalized population: the role of age. Journal of cardiac failure. 2012;18(8):645-53
Azad N, Lemay G. Management of chronic heart failure in the older population. Journal of geriatric cardiology: JGC. 2014;11(4):329.
Ezekowitz JA, McAlister FA, Armstrong PW. Anemia is common in heart failure and is associated with poor outcomes: insights from a cohort of 12 065 patients with new-onset heart failure. Circulation. 2003;107(2):223-5
Mitchell JE. Emerging role of anemia in heart failure. The American journal of cardiology. 2007;99(6):S15-S20
Anker SD, Sharma R. The syndrome of cardiac cachexia. International journal of cardiology. 2002;85(1):51-66
Witte KK, Desilva R, Chattopadhyay S, Ghosh J, Cleland JG, Clark AL. Are hematinic deficiencies the cause of anemia in chronic heart failure? American heart journal. 2004;147(5):924-30
Means Jr RT. Advances in the anemia of chronic disease. International journal of hematology. 1999;70(1):7-12
Nanas JN, Matsouka C, Karageorgopoulos D, Leonti A, Tsolakis E, Drakos SG, et al. Etiology of anemia in patients with advanced heart failure. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2006;48(12):2485-9
Westenbrink BD, Visser FW, Voors AA, Smilde TD, Lipsic E, Navis G, et al. Anaemia in chronic heart failure is not only related to impaired renal perfusion and blunted erythropoietin production, but to fluid retention as well. European heart journal. 2007;28(2):166-71
Mrug M, Stopka T, Julian BA, Prchal JF, Prchal JT. Angiotensin II stimulates proliferation of normal early erythroid progenitors. The Journal of clinical investigation. 1997;100(9):2310-4
Ishani A, Weinhandl E, Zhao Z, Gilbertson DT, Collins AJ, Yusuf S, et al. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor as a risk factor for the development of anemia, and the impact of incident anemia on mortality in patients with left ventricular dysfunction. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2005;45(3):391-9
van der Meer P, Lipsic E, Westenbrink BD, van de Wal RM, Schoemaker RG, Vellenga E, et al. Levels of hematopoiesis inhibitor N-acetyl-seryl-aspartyl-lysyl-proline partially explain the occurrence of anemia in heart failure. Circulation. 2005;112(12):1743-7
Rauchhaus M, Doehner W, Francis DP, Davos C, Kemp M, Liebenthal C, et al. Plasma cytokine parameters and mortality in patients with chronic heart failure. Circulation. 2000;102(25):3060-7
Androne A-S, Katz SD, Lund L, LaManca J, Hudaihed A, Hryniewicz K, et al. Hemodilution is common in patients with advanced heart failure. Circulation. 2003;107(2):226-9
McCullough PA, Lepor NE. Anemia: a modifiable risk factor for heart disease. Reviews in Cardiovascular Medicine. 2005;6(S3):1-3
Anand IS. Pathogenesis of anemia in cardiorenal disease. Reviews in Cardiovascular Medicine. 2005;6(S3):13-21
Olivetti G, Lagrasta C, Quaini F, Ricci R, Moccia G, Capasso JM, et al. Capillary growth in anemia-induced ventricular wall remodeling in the rat heart. Circulation research. 1989;65(5):1182-92
Levin A, Thompson CR, Ethier J, Carlisle EJ, Tobe S, Mendelssohn D, et al. Left ventricular mass index increase in early renal disease: impact of decline in hemoglobin. American Journal of Kidney Diseases. 1999;34(1):125-34
Foley RN, Parfrey PS, Kent GM, Harnett JD, Murray DC, Barre PE. Serial change in echocardiographic parameters and cardiac failure in end-stage renal disease. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology. 2000;11(5):912-6
Parfrey PS, Foley RN, Wittreich BH, Sullivan DJ, Zagari MJ, Frei D. Double-blind comparison of full and partial anemia correction in incident hemodialysis patients without symptomatic heart disease. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology. 2005;16(7):2180-9
Mancini DM, Katz SD, Lang CC, LaManca J, Hudaihed A, Androne A-S. Effect of erythropoietin on exercise capacity in patients with moderate to severe chronic heart failure. Circulation. 2003;107(2):294-9
Berry C, Norrie J, Hogg K, Brett M, Stevenson K, McMurray JJ. The prevalence, nature, and importance of hematologic abnormalities in heart failure. American heart journal. 2006;151(6):1313-21
Rich MW, McSherry F, Williford WO, Yusuf S, Group DI. Effect of age on mortality, hospitalizations and response to digoxin in patients with heart failure: the DIG study. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2001;38(3):806-13
Balducci L. Epidemiology of anemia in the elderly: information on diagnostic evaluation. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 2003;51(3s):2-9
